The GF Software SystemThe GF software system implements the GF programming language. Its components are
.gf source files to .gfo object files, to
.pgf run-time grammars, and to various other formats
.pgf grammars
This page describes the commands of the GF shell, as well as the use of the compiler in batch mode.
The GF shell is invoked by the command gf, which takes arguments and
options according to the following syntax:
gf (OPTION | FLAG)* FILE*
The shell maintains a state, to which belong
oper definitions)
Unless file arguments are provided to the gf command, the shell starts in an
empty state, with no grammars and no history.
In the shell, a set of commands is available. Some of these commands may change the grammars in the state. The general syntax of commands is given by the following BNF grammar:
COMMAND_LINE ::= COMMAND_PIPE
COMMAND_LINE ::= COMMAND_PIPE ";" COMMAND_LINE
COMMAND_PIPE ::= COMMAND
COMMAND_PIPE ::= COMMAND "|" COMMAND_PIPE
COMMAND ::= COMMAND_ID (OPTION | FLAG)* ARGUMENT?
OPTION ::= "-"OPTION_ID
FLAG ::= "-"OPTION_ID "=" VALUE
ARGUMENT ::= QUOTED_STRING | TREE
VALUE ::= IDENT | QUOTED_STRING
A command pipe is a sequence of commands interpreted in such a way
that the output of each command
is send as input to the next. The option -tr causes GF to show a trace,
i.e. the intermediate result of the command to which it is attached.
A command line is a sequence of pipes separated by ;. These pipes are
executed one by one, in the order of appearance.
The full set of GF shell commands is listed below with explanations.
This list can also be obtained in the GF shell by the command help -full.
!: system command: escape to system shell.
! SYSTEMCOMMAND
! ls *.gf |
list all GF files in the working directory |
?: system pipe: send value from previous command to a system command.
? SYSTEMCOMMAND
gt | l | ? wc |
generate, linearize, word-count |
ai = abstract_info: Provides an information about a function, an expression or a category from the abstract syntax.
The command has one argument which is either function, expression or a category defined in the abstract syntax of the current grammar. If the argument is a function then ?its type is printed out. If it is a category then the category definition is printed. If a whole expression is given it prints the expression with refined metavariables and the type of the expression.
ai IDENTIFIER or ai EXPR
aw = align_words: show word alignments between languages graphically.
Prints a set of strings in the .dot format (the graphviz format). The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual. If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated by the flag. The target format is postscript, unless overridden by the flag -format.
-giza |
show alignments in the Giza format; the first two languages |
-format |
format of the visualization file (default "png") |
-lang |
alignments for this list of languages (default: all) |
-view |
program to open the resulting file |
gr | aw |
generate a tree and show word alignment as graph script |
gr | aw -view="open" |
generate a tree and display alignment on Mac |
gr | aw -view="eog" |
generate a tree and display alignment on Ubuntu |
gt | aw -giza | wf -file=aligns |
generate trees, send giza alignments to file |
ca = clitic_analyse: print the analyses of all words into stems and clitics.
Analyses all words into all possible combinations of stem + clitics. The analysis is returned in the format stem &+ clitic1 &+ clitic2 ... which is hence the inverse of 'pt -bind'. The list of clitics is give by the flag '-clitics'. The list of stems is given as the list of words of the language given by the '-lang' flag.
-raw |
analyse each word separately (not suitable input for parser) |
-clitics |
the list of possible clitics (comma-separated, no spaces) |
-lang |
the language of analysis |
ca -lang=Fin -clitics=ko,ni "nukkuuko minun vaimoni" | p |
to parse Finnish |
cc = compute_concrete: computes concrete syntax term using a source grammar.
Compute TERM by concrete syntax definitions. Uses the topmost module (the last one imported) to resolve constant names. N.B.1 You need the flag -retain when importing the grammar, if you want the definitions to be retained after compilation. N.B.2 The resulting term is not a tree in the sense of abstract syntax and hence not a valid input to a Tree-expecting command. This command must be a line of its own, and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
cc (-all | -table | -unqual)? TERM
-all |
pick all strings (forms and variants) from records and tables |
-list |
all strings, comma-separated on one line |
-one |
pick the first strings, if there is any, from records and tables |
-table |
show all strings labelled by parameters |
-unqual |
hide qualifying module names |
dc = define_command: define a command macro.
Defines IDENT as macro for COMMANDLINE, until IDENT gets redefined. A call of the command has the form %IDENT. The command may take an argument, which in COMMANDLINE is marked as ?0. Both strings and trees can be arguments. Currently at most one argument is possible. This command must be a line of its own, and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
dc IDENT COMMANDLINE
dg = dependency_graph: print module dependency graph.
Prints the dependency graph of source modules. Requires that import has been done with the -retain flag. The graph is written in the file _gfdepgraph.dot which can be further processed by Graphviz (the system command 'dot'). By default, all modules are shown, but the -only flag restricts them by a comma-separated list of patterns, where 'name*' matches modules whose name has prefix 'name', and other patterns match modules with exactly the same name. The graphical conventions are: solid box = abstract, solid ellipse = concrete, dashed ellipse = other solid arrow empty head = of, solid arrow = **, dashed arrow = open dotted arrow = other dependency
dg (-only=MODULES)?
-only |
list of modules included (default: all), literally or by prefix* |
dg -only=SyntaxEng,Food* |
shows only SyntaxEng, and those with prefix Food |
dt = define_tree: define a tree or string macro.
Defines IDENT as macro for TREE or STRING, until IDENT gets redefined. The defining value can also come from a command, preceded by "<". If the command gives many values, the first one is selected. A use of the macro has the form %IDENT. Currently this use cannot be a subtree of another tree. This command must be a line of its own and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
dt IDENT (TREE | STRING | "<" COMMANDLINE)
dt ex "hello world" |
define ex as string |
dt ex UseN man_N |
define ex as string |
dt ex < p -cat=NP "the man in the car" |
define ex as parse result |
l -lang=LangSwe %ex | ps -to_utf8 |
linearize the tree ex |
e = empty: empty the environment.
eb = example_based: converts .gfe files to .gf files by parsing examples to trees.
Reads FILE.gfe and writes FILE.gf. Each expression of form '%ex CAT QUOTEDSTRING' in FILE.gfe is replaced by a syntax tree. This tree is the first one returned by the parser; a biased ranking can be used to regulate the order. If there are more than one parses the rest are shown in comments, with probabilities if the order is biased. The probabilities flag and configuration file is similar to the commands gr and rt. Notice that the command doesn't change the environment, but the resulting .gf file must be imported separately.
eb (-probs=FILE | -lang=LANG)* -file=FILE.gfe
-api |
convert trees to overloaded API expressions (using Syntax not Lang) |
-file |
the file to be converted (suffix .gfe must be given) |
-lang |
the language in which to parse |
-probs |
file with probabilities to rank the parses |
gr = generate_random: generate random trees in the current abstract syntax.
Generates a list of random trees, by default one tree. If a tree argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values to all metavariables in the tree. The generation can be biased by probabilities, given in a file in the -probs flag.
gr [-cat=CAT] [-number=INT]
-cat |
generation category |
-lang |
uses only functions that have linearizations in all these languages |
-number |
number of trees generated |
-depth |
the maximum generation depth |
-probs |
file with biased probabilities (format 'f 0.4' one by line) |
gr |
one tree in the startcat of the current grammar |
gr -cat=NP -number=16 |
16 trees in the category NP |
gr -lang=LangHin,LangTha -cat=Cl |
Cl, both in LangHin and LangTha |
gr -probs=FILE |
generate with bias |
gr (AdjCN ? (UseN ?)) |
generate trees of form (AdjCN ? (UseN ?)) |
gt = generate_trees: generates a list of trees, by default exhaustive.
Generates all trees of a given category. By default, the depth is limited to 4, but this can be changed by a flag. If a Tree argument is given, the command completes the Tree with values to all metavariables in the tree.
-cat |
the generation category |
-depth |
the maximum generation depth |
-lang |
excludes functions that have no linearization in this language |
-number |
the number of trees generated |
gt |
all trees in the startcat, to depth 4 |
gt -cat=NP -number=16 |
16 trees in the category NP |
gt -cat=NP -depth=2 |
trees in the category NP to depth 2 |
gt (AdjCN ? (UseN ?)) |
trees of form (AdjCN ? (UseN ?)) |
h = help: get description of a command, or a the full list of commands.
Displays information concerning the COMMAND. Without argument, shows the synopsis of all commands.
h (-full)? COMMAND?
-changes |
give a summary of changes from GF 2.9 |
-coding |
give advice on character encoding |
-full |
give full information of the commands |
-license |
show copyright and license information |
-t2t |
output help in txt2tags format |
i = import: import a grammar from source code or compiled .pgf file.
Reads a grammar from File and compiles it into a GF runtime grammar. If its abstract is different from current state, old modules are discarded. If its abstract is the same and a concrete with the same name is already in the state it is overwritten - but only if compilation succeeds. The grammar parser depends on the file name suffix: .cf context-free (labelled BNF) source .ebnf extended BNF source .gfm multi-module GF source .gf normal GF source .gfo compiled GF source .pgf precompiled grammar in Portable Grammar Format
-retain |
retain operations (used for cc command) |
-src |
force compilation from source |
-v |
be verbose - show intermediate status information |
-probs |
file with biased probabilities for generation |
l = linearize: convert an abstract syntax expression to string.
Shows the linearization of a Tree by the grammars in scope. The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages. A sequence of string operations (see command ps) can be given as options, and works then like a pipe to the ps command, except that it only affect the strings, not e.g. the table labels. These can be given separately to each language with the unlexer flag whose results are prepended to the other lexer flags. The value of the unlexer flag is a space-separated list of comma-separated string operation sequences; see example.
-all |
show all forms and variants, one by line (cf. l -list) |
-bracket |
show tree structure with brackets and paths to nodes |
-groups |
all languages, grouped by lang, remove duplicate strings |
-list |
show all forms and variants, comma-separated on one line (cf. l -all) |
-multi |
linearize to all languages (default) |
-table |
show all forms labelled by parameters |
-treebank |
show the tree and tag linearizations with language names |
-bind |
bind tokens separated by Prelude.BIND, i.e. &+ |
-chars |
lexer that makes every non-space character a token |
-from_amharic |
from unicode to GF Amharic transliteration |
-from_ancientgreek |
from unicode to GF ancient Greek transliteration |
-from_arabic |
from unicode to GF Arabic transliteration |
-from_cp1251 |
decode from cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-from_devanagari |
from unicode to GF Devanagari transliteration |
-from_greek |
from unicode to GF modern Greek transliteration |
-from_hebrew |
from unicode to GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration |
-from_nepali |
from unicode to GF Nepali transliteration |
-from_persian |
from unicode to GF Persian/Farsi transliteration |
-from_sanskrit |
from unicode to GF Sanskrit transliteration |
-from_sindhi |
from unicode to GF Sindhi transliteration |
-from_telugu |
from unicode to GF Telugu transliteration |
-from_thai |
from unicode to GF Thai transliteration |
-from_urdu |
from unicode to GF Urdu transliteration |
-from_utf8 |
decode from utf8 (default) |
-lexcode |
code-like lexer |
-lexmixed |
mixture of text and code, as in LaTeX (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-lextext |
text-like lexer |
-to_amharic |
from GF Amharic transliteration to unicode |
-to_ancientgreek |
from GF ancient Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_arabic |
from GF Arabic transliteration to unicode |
-to_cp1251 |
encode to cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-to_devanagari |
from GF Devanagari transliteration to unicode |
-to_greek |
from GF modern Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_hebrew |
from GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration to unicode |
-to_html |
wrap in a html file with linebreaks |
-to_nepali |
from GF Nepali transliteration to unicode |
-to_persian |
from GF Persian/Farsi transliteration to unicode |
-to_sanskrit |
from GF Sanskrit transliteration to unicode |
-to_sindhi |
from GF Sindhi transliteration to unicode |
-to_telugu |
from GF Telugu transliteration to unicode |
-to_thai |
from GF Thai transliteration to unicode |
-to_urdu |
from GF Urdu transliteration to unicode |
-to_utf8 |
encode to utf8 (default) |
-unchars |
unlexer that puts no spaces between tokens |
-unlexcode |
code-like unlexer |
-unlexmixed |
mixture of text and code (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-unlextext |
text-like unlexer |
-unwords |
unlexer that puts a single space between tokens (default) |
-words |
lexer that assumes tokens separated by spaces (default) |
-lang |
the languages of linearization (comma-separated, no spaces) |
-unlexer |
set unlexers separately to each language (space-separated) |
l -lang=LangSwe,LangNor no_Utt |
linearize tree to LangSwe and LangNor |
gr -lang=LangHin -cat=Cl | l -table -to_devanagari |
hindi table |
l -unlexer="LangAra=to_arabic LangHin=to_devanagari" |
different unlexers |
lc = linearize_chunks: linearize a tree that has metavariables in maximal chunks without them.
A hopefully temporary command, intended to work around the type checker that fails trees where a function node is a metavariable.
-treebank |
show the tree and tag linearizations with language names |
-bind |
bind tokens separated by Prelude.BIND, i.e. &+ |
-chars |
lexer that makes every non-space character a token |
-from_amharic |
from unicode to GF Amharic transliteration |
-from_ancientgreek |
from unicode to GF ancient Greek transliteration |
-from_arabic |
from unicode to GF Arabic transliteration |
-from_cp1251 |
decode from cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-from_devanagari |
from unicode to GF Devanagari transliteration |
-from_greek |
from unicode to GF modern Greek transliteration |
-from_hebrew |
from unicode to GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration |
-from_nepali |
from unicode to GF Nepali transliteration |
-from_persian |
from unicode to GF Persian/Farsi transliteration |
-from_sanskrit |
from unicode to GF Sanskrit transliteration |
-from_sindhi |
from unicode to GF Sindhi transliteration |
-from_telugu |
from unicode to GF Telugu transliteration |
-from_thai |
from unicode to GF Thai transliteration |
-from_urdu |
from unicode to GF Urdu transliteration |
-from_utf8 |
decode from utf8 (default) |
-lexcode |
code-like lexer |
-lexmixed |
mixture of text and code, as in LaTeX (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-lextext |
text-like lexer |
-to_amharic |
from GF Amharic transliteration to unicode |
-to_ancientgreek |
from GF ancient Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_arabic |
from GF Arabic transliteration to unicode |
-to_cp1251 |
encode to cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-to_devanagari |
from GF Devanagari transliteration to unicode |
-to_greek |
from GF modern Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_hebrew |
from GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration to unicode |
-to_html |
wrap in a html file with linebreaks |
-to_nepali |
from GF Nepali transliteration to unicode |
-to_persian |
from GF Persian/Farsi transliteration to unicode |
-to_sanskrit |
from GF Sanskrit transliteration to unicode |
-to_sindhi |
from GF Sindhi transliteration to unicode |
-to_telugu |
from GF Telugu transliteration to unicode |
-to_thai |
from GF Thai transliteration to unicode |
-to_urdu |
from GF Urdu transliteration to unicode |
-to_utf8 |
encode to utf8 (default) |
-unchars |
unlexer that puts no spaces between tokens |
-unlexcode |
code-like unlexer |
-unlexmixed |
mixture of text and code (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-unlextext |
text-like unlexer |
-unwords |
unlexer that puts a single space between tokens (default) |
-words |
lexer that assumes tokens separated by spaces (default) |
-lang |
the languages of linearization (comma-separated, no spaces) |
l -lang=LangSwe,LangNor -chunks ? a b (? c d) |
ma = morpho_analyse: print the morphological analyses of all words in the string.
Prints all the analyses of space-separated words in the input string, using the morphological analyser of the actual grammar (see command pg)
-known |
return only the known words, in order of appearance |
-missing |
show the list of unknown words, in order of appearance |
-lang |
the languages of analysis (comma-separated, no spaces) |
mq = morpho_quiz: start a morphology quiz.
mq (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?
-lang |
language of the quiz |
-cat |
category of the quiz |
-number |
maximum number of questions |
-probs |
file with biased probabilities for generation |
p = parse: parse a string to abstract syntax expression.
Shows all trees returned by parsing a string in the grammars in scope. The -lang flag can be used to restrict this to fewer languages. The default start category can be overridden by the -cat flag. See also the ps command for lexing and character encoding.
The -openclass flag is experimental and allows some robustness in the parser. For example if -openclass="A,N,V" is given, the parser will accept unknown adjectives, nouns and verbs with the resource grammar.
-bracket |
prints the bracketed string from the parser |
-cat |
target category of parsing |
-lang |
the languages of parsing (comma-separated, no spaces) |
-openclass |
list of open-class categories for robust parsing |
-depth |
maximal depth for proof search if the abstract syntax tree has meta variables |
pg = print_grammar: print the actual grammar with the given printer.
Prints the actual grammar, with all involved languages. In some printers, this can be restricted to a subset of languages with the -lang=X,Y flag (comma-separated, no spaces). The -printer=P flag sets the format in which the grammar is printed. N.B.1 Since grammars are compiled when imported, this command generally shows a grammar that looks rather different from the source. N.B.2 Another way to produce different formats is to use 'gf -make', the batch compiler. The following values are available both for the batch compiler (flag -output-format) and the print_grammar command (flag -printer):
bnf BNF (context-free grammar) ebnf Extended BNF fa finite automaton in graphviz format gsl Nuance speech recognition format haskell Haskell (abstract syntax) js JavaScript (whole grammar) jsgf JSGF speech recognition format lambda_prolog LambdaProlog (abstract syntax) lp_byte_code Bytecode for Teyjus (abstract syntax, experimental) pgf_pretty human-readable pgf prolog Prolog (whole grammar) python Python (whole grammar) regexp regular expression slf SLF speech recognition format srgs_abnf SRGS speech recognition format in ABNF srgs_abnf_nonrec SRGS ABNF, recursion eliminated srgs_xml SRGS speech recognition format in XML srgs_xml_nonrec SRGS XML, recursion eliminated vxml Voice XML based on abstract syntax
-cats |
show just the names of abstract syntax categories |
-fullform |
print the fullform lexicon |
-funs |
show just the names and types of abstract syntax functions |
-langs |
show just the names of top concrete syntax modules |
-lexc |
print the lexicon in Xerox LEXC format |
-missing |
show just the names of functions that have no linearization |
-opt |
optimize the generated pgf |
-pgf |
write current pgf image in file |
-words |
print the list of words |
-file |
set the file name when printing with -pgf option |
-lang |
select languages for the some options (default all languages) |
-printer |
select the printing format (see flag values above) |
pg -funs | ? grep " S ;" |
show functions with value cat S |
ph = print_history: print command history.
Prints the commands issued during the GF session. The result is readable by the eh command. The result can be used as a script when starting GF.
ph | wf -file=foo.gfs |
save the history into a file |
ps = put_string: return a string, possibly processed with a function.
Returns a string obtained from its argument string by applying string processing functions in the order given in the command line option list. Thus 'ps -f -g s' returns g (f s). Typical string processors are lexers and unlexers, but also character encoding conversions are possible. The unlexers preserve the division of their input to lines. To see transliteration tables, use command ut.
ps OPT? STRING
-lines |
apply the operation separately to each input line, returning a list of lines |
-bind |
bind tokens separated by Prelude.BIND, i.e. &+ |
-chars |
lexer that makes every non-space character a token |
-from_amharic |
from unicode to GF Amharic transliteration |
-from_ancientgreek |
from unicode to GF ancient Greek transliteration |
-from_arabic |
from unicode to GF Arabic transliteration |
-from_cp1251 |
decode from cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-from_devanagari |
from unicode to GF Devanagari transliteration |
-from_greek |
from unicode to GF modern Greek transliteration |
-from_hebrew |
from unicode to GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration |
-from_nepali |
from unicode to GF Nepali transliteration |
-from_persian |
from unicode to GF Persian/Farsi transliteration |
-from_sanskrit |
from unicode to GF Sanskrit transliteration |
-from_sindhi |
from unicode to GF Sindhi transliteration |
-from_telugu |
from unicode to GF Telugu transliteration |
-from_thai |
from unicode to GF Thai transliteration |
-from_urdu |
from unicode to GF Urdu transliteration |
-from_utf8 |
decode from utf8 (default) |
-lexcode |
code-like lexer |
-lexmixed |
mixture of text and code, as in LaTeX (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-lextext |
text-like lexer |
-to_amharic |
from GF Amharic transliteration to unicode |
-to_ancientgreek |
from GF ancient Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_arabic |
from GF Arabic transliteration to unicode |
-to_cp1251 |
encode to cp1251 (Cyrillic used in Bulgarian resource) |
-to_devanagari |
from GF Devanagari transliteration to unicode |
-to_greek |
from GF modern Greek transliteration to unicode |
-to_hebrew |
from GF unvocalized Hebrew transliteration to unicode |
-to_html |
wrap in a html file with linebreaks |
-to_nepali |
from GF Nepali transliteration to unicode |
-to_persian |
from GF Persian/Farsi transliteration to unicode |
-to_sanskrit |
from GF Sanskrit transliteration to unicode |
-to_sindhi |
from GF Sindhi transliteration to unicode |
-to_telugu |
from GF Telugu transliteration to unicode |
-to_thai |
from GF Thai transliteration to unicode |
-to_urdu |
from GF Urdu transliteration to unicode |
-to_utf8 |
encode to utf8 (default) |
-unchars |
unlexer that puts no spaces between tokens |
-unlexcode |
code-like unlexer |
-unlexmixed |
mixture of text and code (code between $...$, \(...)\, \[...\]) |
-unlextext |
text-like unlexer |
-unwords |
unlexer that puts a single space between tokens (default) |
-words |
lexer that assumes tokens separated by spaces (default) |
-env |
apply in this environment only |
-from |
backward-apply transliteration defined in this file (format 'unicode translit' per line) |
-to |
forward-apply transliteration defined in this file |
l (EAdd 3 4) | ps -code |
linearize code-like output |
ps -lexer=code | p -cat=Exp |
parse code-like input |
gr -cat=QCl | l | ps -bind |
linearization output from LangFin |
ps -to_devanagari "A-p" |
show Devanagari in UTF8 terminal |
rf -file=Hin.gf | ps -env=quotes -to_devanagari |
convert translit to UTF8 |
rf -file=Ara.gf | ps -from_utf8 -env=quotes -from_arabic |
convert UTF8 to transliteration |
ps -to=chinese.trans "abc" |
apply transliteration defined in file chinese.trans |
pt = put_tree: return a tree, possibly processed with a function.
Returns a tree obtained from its argument tree by applying tree processing functions in the order given in the command line option list. Thus 'pt -f -g s' returns g (f s). Typical tree processors are type checking and semantic computation.
pt OPT? TREE
-compute |
compute by using semantic definitions (def) |
-paraphrase |
paraphrase by using semantic definitions (def) |
-largest |
sort trees from largest to smallest, in number of nodes |
-nub |
remove duplicate trees |
-smallest |
sort trees from smallest to largest, in number of nodes |
-subtrees |
return all fully applied subtrees (stopping at abstractions), by default sorted from the largest |
-funs |
return all fun functions appearing in the tree, with duplications |
-number |
take at most this many trees |
-transfer |
syntactic transfer by applying function, recursively in subtrees |
pt -compute (plus one two) |
compute value |
p "4 dogs love 5 cats" | pt -transfer=digits2numeral | l |
four...five... |
q = quit: exit GF interpreter.
r = reload: repeat the latest import command.
rf = read_file: read string or tree input from a file.
Reads input from file. The filename must be in double quotes. The input is interpreted as a string by default, and can hence be piped e.g. to the parse command. The option -tree interprets the input as a tree, which can be given e.g. to the linearize command. The option -lines will result in a list of strings or trees, one by line.
-lines |
return the list of lines, instead of the singleton of all contents |
-tree |
convert strings into trees |
-file |
the input file name |
rt = rank_trees: show trees in an order of decreasing probability.
Order trees from the most to the least probable, using either even distribution in each category (default) or biased as specified by the file given by flag -probs=FILE, where each line has the form 'function probability', e.g. 'youPol_Pron 0.01'.
-v |
show all trees with their probability scores |
-probs |
probabilities from this file (format 'f 0.6' per line) |
p "you are here" | rt -probs=probs | pt -number=1 |
most probable result |
sd = show_dependencies: show all constants that the given constants depend on.
Show recursively all qualified constant names, by tracing back the types and definitions of each constant encountered, but just listing every name once. This command requires a source grammar to be in scope, imported with 'import -retain'. Notice that the accuracy is better if the modules are compiled with the flag -optimize=noexpand. This command must be a line of its own, and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
sd QUALIFIED_CONSTANT+
-size |
show the size of the source code for each constants (number of constructors) |
sd ParadigmsEng.mkV ParadigmsEng.mkN |
show all constants on which mkV and mkN depend |
sd -size ParadigmsEng.mkV |
show all constants on which mkV depends, together with size |
se = set_encoding: set the encoding used in current terminal.
se ID
se cp1251 |
set encoding to cp1521 |
se utf8 |
set encoding to utf8 (default) |
so = show_operations: show all operations in scope, possibly restricted to a value type.
Show the names and type signatures of all operations available in the current resource. This command requires a source grammar to be in scope, imported with 'import -retain'. The operations include the parameter constructors that are in scope. The optional TYPE filters according to the value type. The grep STRINGs filter according to other substrings of the type signatures. This command must be a line of its own, and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
so (-grep=STRING)* TYPE?
-raw |
show the types in computed forms (instead of category names) |
-grep |
substring used for filtering (the command can have many of these) |
sp = system_pipe: send argument to a system command.
sp -command="SYSTEMCOMMAND", alt. ? SYSTEMCOMMAND
-command |
the system command applied to the argument |
gt | l | ? wc |
generate trees, linearize, and count words |
ss = show_source: show the source code of modules in scope, possibly just headers.
Show compiled source code, i.e. as it is included in GF object files. This command requires a source grammar to be in scope, imported with 'import -retain'. The optional MODULE arguments cause just these modules to be shown. The -size and -detailedsize options show code size as the number of constructor nodes. This command must be a line of its own, and thus cannot be a part of a pipe.
ss (-strip)? (-save)? MODULE*
-detailedsize |
instead of code, show the sizes of all judgements and modules |
-save |
save each MODULE in file MODULE.gfh instead of printing it on terminal |
-size |
instead of code, show the sizes of all modules |
-strip |
show only type signatures of oper's and lin's, not their definitions |
ss |
print complete current source grammar on terminal |
ss -strip -save MorphoFin |
print the headers in file MorphoFin.gfh |
tq = translation_quiz: start a translation quiz.
tq -from=LANG -to=LANG (-cat=CAT)? (-probs=FILE)? TREE?
-from |
translate from this language |
-to |
translate to this language |
-cat |
translate in this category |
-number |
the maximum number of questions |
-probs |
file with biased probabilities for generation |
tq -from=Eng -to=Swe |
any trees in startcat |
tq -from=Eng -to=Swe (AdjCN (PositA ?2) (UseN ?)) |
only trees of this form |
tt = to_trie: combine a list of trees into a trie.
to_trie
ut = unicode_table: show a transliteration table for a unicode character set.
-amharic |
Amharic |
-ancientgreek |
ancient Greek |
-arabic |
Arabic |
-devanagari |
Devanagari |
-greek |
modern Greek |
-hebrew |
unvocalized Hebrew |
-nepali |
Nepali |
-persian |
Persian/Farsi |
-sanskrit |
Sanskrit |
-sindhi |
Sindhi |
-telugu |
Telugu |
-thai |
Thai |
-urdu |
Urdu |
vd = visualize_dependency: show word dependency tree graphically.
Prints a dependency tree in the .dot format (the graphviz format, default) or the CoNLL/MaltParser format (flag -output=conll for training, malt_input for unanalysed input). By default, the last argument is the head of every abstract syntax function; moreover, the head depends on the head of the function above. The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual. If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated by the flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the flag -format.
-v |
show extra information |
-file |
configuration file for labels per fun, format 'fun l1 ... label ... l2' |
-format |
format of the visualization file (default "png") |
-output |
output format of graph source (default "dot") |
-view |
program to open the resulting file (default "open") |
-lang |
the language of analysis |
gr | vd |
generate a tree and show dependency tree in .dot |
gr | vd -view=open |
generate a tree and display dependency tree on a Mac |
gr -number=1000 | vd -file=dep.labels -output=malt |
generate training treebank |
gr -number=100 | vd -file=dep.labels -output=malt_input |
generate test sentences |
vp = visualize_parse: show parse tree graphically.
Prints a parse tree in the .dot format (the graphviz format). The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual. If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated by the flag. The target format is png, unless overridden by the flag -format.
-showcat |
show categories in the tree nodes (default) |
-nocat |
don't show categories |
-showfun |
show function names in the tree nodes |
-nofun |
don't show function names (default) |
-showleaves |
show the leaves of the tree (default) |
-noleaves |
don't show the leaves of the tree (i.e., only the abstract tree) |
-format |
format of the visualization file (default "png") |
-view |
program to open the resulting file (default "open") |
-nodefont |
font for tree nodes (default: Times -- graphviz standard font) |
-leaffont |
font for tree leaves (default: nodefont) |
-nodecolor |
color for tree nodes (default: black -- graphviz standard color) |
-leafcolor |
color for tree leaves (default: nodecolor) |
-nodeedgestyle |
edge style between tree nodes (solid/dashed/dotted/bold, default: solid) |
-leafedgestyle |
edge style for links to leaves (solid/dashed/dotted/bold, default: dashed) |
p "John walks" | vp |
generate a tree and show parse tree as .dot script |
gr | vp -view="open" |
generate a tree and display parse tree on a Mac |
vt = visualize_tree: show a set of trees graphically.
Prints a set of trees in the .dot format (the graphviz format). The graph can be saved in a file by the wf command as usual. If the -view flag is defined, the graph is saved in a temporary file which is processed by graphviz and displayed by the program indicated by the flag. The target format is postscript, unless overridden by the flag -format. With option -mk, use for showing library style function names of form 'mkC'.
-api |
show the tree with function names converted to 'mkC' with value cats C |
-mk |
similar to -api, deprecated |
-nofun |
don't show functions but only categories |
-nocat |
don't show categories but only functions |
-format |
format of the visualization file (default "png") |
-view |
program to open the resulting file (default "open") |
p "hello" | vt |
parse a string and show trees as graph script |
p "hello" | vt -view="open" |
parse a string and display trees on a Mac |
wf = write_file: send string or tree to a file.
-append |
append to file, instead of overwriting it |
-file |
the output filename |
With the option -batch, GF can be invoked in batch mode, i.e.
without opening the shell, to compile files from .gf to .gfo.
The -s option ("silent") eliminates all messages except errors.
$ gf -batch -s LangIta.gf
With the option -make, and as a set of
top-level grammar files (with the same abstract syntax) as arguments,
GF produces a .pgf file. The flag -optimize-pgf minimizes
the size of the .pgf file, and is recommended for grammars to be shipped.
$ gf -make -optimize-pgf LangIta.gf LangEng.gf LangGer.gf
The flag -output-format changes the output format from .pgf to
some other format. For instance
$ gf -make -output-format=js LangEng.pgf LangGer.pgf
Notice that the arguments can be .pgf files, which in this case
are merged and written into a JavaScript grammar file.
More options and instructions are obtained with
$ gf -help
To run GF from a script, redirection of standard input can be used:
$ gf <script.gfs
The file script.gfs should then contain a sequence of GF commands, one per line.
Unrecognized command lines are skipped without terminating GF.